DIRECTIONS for Questions: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

Local communities have often come in conflict with agents trying to exploit resources, at a faster pace, for an expanding commercial-industrial economy. More often than not, such agents of resource-intensification are given preferential treatment by the state, through the grant of generous long leases over mineral or fish stocks, for example, or the provision of raw material at an enormously subsidised price. With the injustice so compounded, local communities at the receiving end of this process have no resource except direct action, resisting both the state and outside exploiters through a variety of protest techniques. These struggles might perhaps be seen as a manifestation of a new kind of class conflict. 

1. A new kind of class conflict arises from preferential treatment given to agents of resourceintensification by the state, which the local community sees as unfair. 
2. The grant of long leases to agents of resource-intensification for an expanding commercialindustrial economy leads to direct protests from the local community, which sees it as unfair.
3. Preferential treatment given by the states to agents of resource-intensification for an expandingcommercial-industrial economy exacerbates injustice to local communities and leads to direct protests from them, resulting in a new type of class conflict. 
4. Local communities have no option but to protest against agents of resource-intensification and create a new type of class conflict when they are given raw material at subsidised prices for an expanding commercial-industrial economy.